• Fetal biometry standardization via ultrasound: establishing normative growth trajectories for biparietal diameter, limb lengths, and head/body proportions to support gestational age estimation and growth monitoring. [5], [11], [7], [17], [14], [20]

• Antennatal detection and management of surgically significant fetal anomalies through ultrasound, guiding obstetric planning and potential in-utero or perinatal interventions. [18], [19], [8], [12]

• Fetal cardiac imaging advances: real-time echocardiography and cross-sectional techniques yield detailed cardiac anatomy, enabling assessment of normal development and detection of structural anomalies. [9], [10]

• Amniotic fluid assessment and growth monitoring: ultrasound-based qualitative fluid evaluation and biometric growth measurements contribute to identifying IUGR and fetal growth restriction. [6], [14]

• Ultrasound-guided intrauterine procedures and diagnostic imaging: intrauterine transfusion techniques and prenatal diagnosis of complex conditions such as conjoined twins. [15], [12], [8]